Western Imperialism in Japan and China essays

Western Imperialism in Japan and China articles During the 1850-1939, the western forces, especially Britain, approached Asia. The primary explanation they came to Asia was a result of exchange. The British needed to exchange with the Japanese, however mostly the Chinese, for merchandise, for example, silk and different things that you couldnt find in Europe. The main issue was that the Chinese didnt need anything to do with the Europeans. This is the thing that made the Europeans begin driving the Chinese to exchange with them. There were numerous reasons that the Chinese didnt need to exchange with the Europeans. One explanation was that the Chinese felt that there was nothing that the Europeans had that they needed. They felt that their economy was fine without the nearness of the Europeans, particularly the British. The primary stop while in transit to China was Japan. The British and Matthew C. Perry with four boats into Edo Bay in 1853 to attempt to persuade the Japanese to open up to the British (. At the point when the Japanese saw the boats that Perry carried with them, they were staggered. At the point when Perry arrived he constrained the arrangement of Shimoda on the Japanese. Matthew said he would restore a year later. Perry returned on his given date with 7 dark boats to check whether the Japanese had helped up. For sure they had in light of the fact that they feared the boats and what the British could do with them. Perry caused the Japanese to acknowledge a settlement that gave Europeans essentially full rights in Japan. The settlement was known as the Treaty of Kanagawa. This bargain gave all Europeans what was called extraterritoriality. This implied regardless of whether an European slaughtered a Japanese individual, he must be attempted under the laws of his own nation. Along these lines the criminal would be taken back to Europe to be attempted. The reasons that they did this was on the grounds that before the settlement was set up, Europeans that were appeared on Japanese soil on the grounds that their boat had sunk, were imprisoned and even slaughter. Initially, the British needed nothing to do with the Japanese. Japan wa... <!

How major minerals differentiate from trace minerals

How are the significant minerals separated from the clue minerals? What are 2 factors that can decrease bioavailability of a mineral? What are 3 maps of minerals in the natural structure? Minerals that we have to eat up more than 100mg per twenty-four hours see as significant mineral, minerals that we have to eat up under 100mg per twenty-four hours is considered as follow mineral ( Bryd-Bredbenner et al. 2009 ) . The bioavailability of a mineral is alluded to a stage of the extent of the total in an eating routine that is retained and used for typical natural structure map. The total of mineral that is retained from the GI real estate parcel decides their bioavailability. Anyway it is distinctive between minerals. Bioavailability is influenced by the cooperations with other dietetic constituents in the GI real estate parcel. For delineation, nutrient C improves iron absorbing yet tannins stifle it. Plus, the vibes of cell transporters, which permit the excavators to be shipped into circulation system from stomachic lms, other than influence the bioavailability. When there is less shipped, meaning the mineral will hold lower bioavailability ( Harvey, L 2001 ) . Minerals in our natural structure keep the H2O balance in our natural structure. The convergence of the minerals all through the cells drives the H2O all through the cells. At the point when the centralization of Na is higher in the cell, the H2O will go into the cell as a natural side effect. Also, Na, K and Ca help with the transmittal of nervousnesss encourages all through the natural structure. Without Ca, musculus withdrawals will ne'er occur. A few minerals like Mg, Cu and Se go about as cofactors and empower catalysts to move out compound responses ( Bryd-Bredbenner et al. 2009 ) . What are the main maps of Na and how is additional Na killed from the natural structure? Admissions of salt in the Australian eating regimen stay high ; explain why there is an interest for Na at all in the eating regimen. What are a few plans for reducing Na in the eating regimen? Abundance Na is dispensed with out of the natural structure by micturition. At the point when the Na degree is high in our natural structure, we have higher blood power per unit territory. This diminishes the creation of chymosin chemical by kidney. Accordingly, angiotensinogen is less delivered, so angiotesin II is non structure. Angiotesin II helps in the arrival of aldosterone by adrenal secretory organ. Since the penetrability of kidney tubule is constrained by the aldosterone, the kidney tubule is non porous to sodium when the Na degree in blood is high. In this manner, the Na is so discharged along with H2O in the signifier of piss ( Campbell et al. 2009 ) . Sodium helps in the absorbing of glucose and some aminic acids in little inside. Additionally, it is of import in musculus withdrawal and introducing the nervus drive through the nervus cells. Muscle compression and nervus motivation conductivity is led by the moving of both the K and Na particle over the nervus cell layer. Sodium other than helps in H2O balance. Sodium is the central solute in extracellular liquid. It controls the ECF and plasma volume. At the point when the entirety of Na in natural structure increments, more H2O is held in our natural structure until additional Na is discharged ( Bryd-Bredbenner et al. 2009 ) . There is an interest for Na at all in the eating regimen since salt is of import in the fomentation of supplements. Aging jelly supplements for because of the concealment of curious sorts of bugs. Salt hinders the developing of decay bacteriums and Fungis that present in the supplement. Salt other than assists with hauling H2O and sugars out of works tissues during tumult of veggies which diminishes O and forestalls the developing of lactic corrosive bacteriums. Salt is other than utilized in the handling of stocks, for example, frankfurters and rebuilt meats. The nearness of salt solubilizes myofibrillar proteins that are constant in H2O. It assists with pulling out these salt-dissolvable proteins to the outside of the meat and hotel the little bits of meat together during cookery ( National Center for Biotechnology Information 2010 ) . Plans for reducing Na in the eating routine are to cook the supplement with little salt. Adjacent to, supplement can be set up with without sodium seasoning, for example, basil, straight foliages, curry, garlic and ginger. Last, ever decision low-salt product or without salt stocks when accessible ( Rolfes, Pinna and A ; Whitney 2006 ) . Where is most K in the natural structure found? What are 2 genuine bombshells connected to low K utilizations? For what reason is hyperkalemia uncommon? Potassium is to a great extent found in the cells of the natural structure and performs a large number of indistinguishable maps from Na. Low blood K is known as hypokalemia. It is a real existence imperiling illness. Low K can other than do high blood power per unit territory. Hyperkalemia is uncommon on the grounds that despite the fact that the utilization of K is high, the additional K is promptly discharged by kidney ( Bryd-Bredbenner et al. 2009 ) . What are the maps of Mg in the eating regimen? Where is Mg in the natural structure found and what are the indications of Mg need. Which gatherings are destined to be magnesium inadequate? Magnesium is of import in balancing out the ATP by holding fast to the phosphate gathering of this particle. Magnesium is required by in excess of 300 compounds that use ATP, including those required for vitality transformation, musculus constriction and protein amalgamation. Magnesium is other than required for Deoxyribonucleic corrosive and RNA amalgamation. Its capacity in Ca transformation adds to pack development to pack development and mineralization. It is other than of import for nervus transmittal, chest and smooth musculus constriction. It other than diminishes blood power per unit territory by distending the arterias, forestalls chest beat abnormalcies and secure against bilestone development ( Bryd-Bredbenner et al. 2009 ) . Magnesium is predominantly put away in bone. Magnesium need causes unpredictable heartbeat, now and then joined by falling flat, musculus cramp, go nuts, infection, cleansing and ictuss. This is because of the harm of Na and K siphoning ( Bryd-Bredbenner et al. 2009 ) . Magnesium need most often happens in individuals who have been taken care of intravenously for a long clasp, whose diet does n't consolidate sufficient Mg, or who can't ingest and egest the mineral acceptably ( Harvey 2001 ) . Depict the capacity of Ca in the designed development of osteoporosis, remembering for your drumhead a diagram of Ca transformation, requests in the lifecycle and Ca beginnings. Further talk how make parathyroid endocrine and nutrient D manage serum Ca? Osteoporosis is an ailment brought about by the low utilization of Ca. At the point when Ca utilization is inconsistent, natural structure pulls back Ca s from the issue that remains to be worked out the basic guide of Ca. For representation, Ca is expected to keep up our musculus getting ( Bryd-Bredbenner et al. 2009 ) . Bone arrangement needs Ca and P and different minerals. As bone composes, Ca salts and phosphorus signifier gem, hydroapatite, and tie with the collagen filaments. As the precious stone become denser ( mineralization ) , they invigorate and unbending nature to the maturating castanetss. Collagen protein permits the skeleton to ingest sway. At the point when Ca degree in blood is low, parathyroid endocrine is discharged by parathyroid secretory organ. This endocrine related with 1,25 ( OH ) 2 nutrient D invigorate the arrival of Ca from the bone into circulatory system to build the Ca degree in blood. In addition, the endocrine other than builds the utilization of Ca in gut to expand blood Ca degree. Third, parathyroid secretory organ other than builds blood Ca in relationship with 1,25 ( OH ) 2 nutrient D to expand the kidneysaa‚â ¬a„? resorption of Ca which in the end forestall the disposal of Ca. At the point when blood Ca degree is high, the arrival of parathyroid endocrine falls. This causes the Ca end by means of the piss to increment. The amalgamation of 1,25 ( OH ) 2 nutrient D other than diminishes, doing dot in Ca absorbing. Additionally, thyroid secretory organ secretes hormone calcitonin which keeps the Ca from misfortune from castanetss. The Ca degree in blood in the long run back to typical degree. Calciums are generally originated from yogurt, milk and grain ( Bryd-Bredbenner et al. 2009 ) .

Proposal Argument Free Essays

â€Å"PLATOON†¦ DISMISSED! † said the unit sergeant. Without skirting a heart beat a detachment of 45 marines reacted â€Å"DISMISSED, I SIR! † They all made one stride back, they insightfully raised their correct arms with elbows at a 45 degree twist, their fingers joined and adjusted to the tip of their spread rendering a salute. The unit sergeant saluted the company back and restored his arm back to his side. We will compose a custom article test on Proposition Argument or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now As one the detachment turned around and let out a booming â€Å"00H RAH! † It is payday Friday, two days of freedom holds up without any indications of the run of the mill furious Staff Sergeant or possibly until Monday.There is no more prominent sentiment of gladly serving this nation, yet getting paid in the process is certainly an or more. Being a solitary marine positioned in Beaufort, SC living in the sleeping enclosure at the position of E-4 with over 3 years of deployment ready assistance makes a gross month to month pay of 2,094 dollars (DFAS). A solitary marine’s wedded partner with a similar position of E-4, with a similar measure of deployment ready assistance makes a similar measure of month to month pay, however the individual additionally gets an extra 1,179 dollars a month known as BAH or essential recompense for lodging (VA). How could that be reasonable for all the single military individuals from the United States?Other than as far as anyone knows discovering love, what makes being hitched unique in the military? The U. S military is the main association that pays more on the off chance that one has a family. Congress should execute another bill that would permit single individuals from the administration the alternative of living misguided or picking the lodging recompense to coordinate the paces of wedded military faculty. As a non military personnel working for Boeing or the Saint Mary’s province police office one wouldn’t get paid more since they have a life partner with 2 youngsters. Sala ry is controlled by hourly rate times hours worked paying little heed to conjugal status.By giving single military staff the alternative to live misguided, this would offer them the chance to escape from the bounds of the run of the mill sleeping enclosure room, where they need to follow the guidelines of the garisson huts; keeping the rooms flawlessly sorted out just as the week after week room examinations to ensure that the principles are being followed. Executing this arrangement won't be an issue and ought to be practiced decently fast. When the single military part chooses for live misguided the individual in question would need to sign papers relating to their choice of getting off base.It will be steered up and marked by everybody in the levels of leadership. Since everything has been marked and the choice is conclusive. The BAH would then get saved at the first of consistently for the measure of the complete lease. Those single military faculty are allowed to live any place, with who ever, and how they need to. The following inquiry would be what would it be a good idea for us to do with all the recently opened up space in the garisson huts? The sleeping enclosure might be changed over into a type of training focus, total with its own library and media places for those military looking for advanced education. Possibly having a correspondence room that permits life partners of those sent to Iraq and different pieces of the world to speak with one another through video visit or something comparable. These army bases can have subsidize raisers to help with the expense of building another floor plan for the old military quarters. Obviously there will be some single military work force that might not have any desire to leave their solace of their sleeping enclosure room. They have the decision of living out around and they denied that alternative. Next alternative is give them the BAH rate as though they were married.One may ponder and wonder why? How might this do any equity to illuminate the issue? As a matter of first importance just by offering the wedded compensation rate to the single individuals, it disposes of any protests that emerge from the underlying distinction in pay. Second, there are hitched military individuals who decide not to carry their families to live with them. In these conditions they can get misguided into a little loft or they can dwell in the sleeping quarters. Be that as it may, living in the sleeping quarters expects them to pay a charge to live in those rooms.If all the singles begin getting BAH they excessively ought to be at risk to pay for their own rooms. This will include income that consequently can be utilized to improve the encompassing zones of the sleeping quarters or can be utilized to help fabricate the new floor plan for the future learning media focus. The compensation contrast isn’t the main issue that exists in the parts of the military. In late examinations contract relationships are expanding in the administration. Agreement relationships are extortion and chargeable under government law. According to the present request on BAH, so as to get the BAH one must be me married.If one is hitched, in adoration, and really with their life partner then there is nothing to stress over, however in the event that somebody gets hitched for the sole motivation behind getting additional money now this turns into an issue. An agreement marriage is a plan to increase fiscal additions from the United States government. On May 5, 2010, 17 individuals were prosecuted on charges which were an expansive connivance plan to select U. S. Naval force work force to take part in deceitful union with Russian remote nationals (Wavy-News). This show the compensation contrasts among the positions and among single and wedded military individuals make them settle on horrendous choices. None the less the compensation hole should be settled so as to make everybody of equivalent position and equivalent compensation. Clearly in this season of declining enlistments the military must align its remuneration framework more with that of private industry. Securing and serving this incredible nation isn't a simple errand. Congress needs to understand that so as to have the soldiers prepared to carry weapons at a moment’s notice they should be made up for legitimately; paying assistance individuals dependent on the work they do, not on their family size or conjugal status. Step by step instructions to refer to Proposal Argument, Papers

Voice Traffic Broadcasting System IP Routing Services - 3025 Words

Voice Traffic Broadcasting System Including IP Routing Services (Dissertation Introduction Sample) Content: Running Head: VOIPDesigning High performance VoIP based Voice Traffic broadcasting system including IP routing services using voice compression algorithm. [Name of the Writer][Name of the Institution]Designing High performance VoIP based Voice Traffic broadcasting system including IP routing services using voice compression algorithm. IntroductionIn the portion of introduction, I will discuss about some basic concept related to the designing of Voice over IP broadcasting system. I will cover the complete overview of Voice over IP, VOIP equipment, speed and quality, cost, VOIP security issues and planning for VOIP deployment. And the reason behind to select the topic of VOIP broadcasting system All these aspects will support in designing of Voice over IP or Voice finder broadcasting system.Many of the readers have good understanding about data communication technology and Internet, having slightly background knowledge in the packet-switched environment during rea l-time imaging or transmitting voice. During the past few year, VOIP recognized as a technical knowledge and technology expectation, on the scope of working in networking and telephony. Although the organization and telecommunication companies are in the situation of designing and creating its infrastructure of telephony for the data of network. The VOIP facilitate low cost solution and alternative to dial up telephone lines. Moreover, the operation of VOIP is widely spread, but still the technology in its minority. Although VOIP still cover the significant portion of commercialized telephony market, providing flexibility and savings it can provide.Overview of Voice over IPVoice over IP is transmitted on Voiceover IP packet switched IP networks . It is consider as the newly and improved development in telecommunication field .Compare to other latest technology, VOIP offers opportunities and advancement. VOIP best part is that VOIP promises about greater flexibility and lower cos t. There is a misconception about the VOIP technology some enterprises assume that as VOIP possess security administrator, so some particular security challenges is obvious. Administrator assumes that as traveling of Digital voice is in the packet form, so the plugging can easily do in component of VOIP into pre-secured network and will remain secure. This is the misconception. Unfortunately, the process is not such straight forward. This introduction will give detail description concerned to the VOIP security issues for agency, commercialized uses of VOIP and main step for drafting the help to secure the network of VOIP for the organization (Kuhn et.al, 2005,pp.800-858)VOIP system has broad variety of forms, which includes traditionally used dialup handsets , mobile assembly and conferencing assembly. Additionally to the end user machinery, in this system there is a variety of other component present, in which call processing, gateways call managing, firewalls, router and protocols (Varshney et.al ,2002,pp.89-96).Mostly in the component have analog used in data networking. But as far as performance demand of VOIP is concerned, the hardware and ordinary network based software should implement with a special component of VOIP. High performance is a requirement of VOIP as compare to the other data system; some demanding services like the particular 911(emergency )can beappropriate . One of the most confused parts for the newer to VOIP is that assumption about digital voice travel in a packet form, similar to other data, since tools and existing network architecture can easily use without incorporating any change .Lamentably, some complexity can come to network technology due to VOIP. All these issues are aggravated by security consideration (Voip-info.org, 2016,p.n.d).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 : (Voice over IP architecture)Source : (Telosalliance.com, 2016).QoS(QoS) is also refer as Quality of service . It is an essential for the manipulation of VOIP network that is stand on the user expectation according to its quality level. Unfortunately, the exertion and implementation of different security related measures can become the reason of devaluation in QoS. All these complications ranging from blocking call or firewalls delaying to the delay variation and encryption produced latency. Because of VOIP time demanding feature and its low tolerance level that become cause of coming interruption at that time packet start to loss.All those security network which is very easy to designed and operate in other network are not so much effective when it comes to VOIP . Currently used system utilized a proprietary protocol  or one of these two protocol that are Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and H.323.Moreover, SIP assumes to be gaining so much appreciation in term of more number of users , these protocol has not so much popular in the commercial area earlier, so it is obvious just to collaborate the supportive component. Additionall y MGCP and Megaco/H.248 , it can either utilize for larger distribution for the decomposition of a gateway (Mehta and Udani, 2001,pp.36-40).These entire standards are used to implementation without any complicated designing and technology , it is not as comlex as today phones that are joined to a PBX utilizing stimulus protocol (Davidson, 2006,p.n.d)Voice Over Ip EquipmentVOIP can simply take the broad variety of forms. Similarly, any computer has the capability to provide VOIP. Microsoft NetMeeting that comes with window-based platform also facilitate VOIP services, similarly Linux platform and Apple Macintosh iChat have various numbers of VOIP based applications. The term is interlinked with tools that have capability and facility to dial phone and starts communication with another user on other side of the communication and for a particular user who either used VOIP system or a dialup telephone line .Popularity and more number of users of VOIP has resulted from a manufactu ring of varies range of product, including:Dialup HandsetMainly traditional telephone set has more extra feature chose apart from a simple dial pad based handset. Many of the set have the small screen of LCD that provides a facility of internet browsing, telephone index, instant messaging.That is used during configuration of handset for providing access to advanced feature in which conference call and call-park includes (call-park is the service of automatic call back when a dial number is free the from busy line).Base station is present for the particular users that is being designed to facilaitae the user by providing similar services as found in traditionally used cordless phone (Erekson et.al,2006, p.234).Conferencing UnitsThe service of conferencing units is similar as of conventional calling service of a phone system, through the internet, that allow customer to correlate and distinct the telecommunication services that display on the two ends of the computer monitor.Mobile UnitsWireless VOIP are becoming very popular. But wireless VOIP based product incorporate several big issues if security issue donot deal with care. Our project, we are utilizing similar wireless Voice over IP or Voice Finder (broadcasting system)CostCost saving potential is the most attracted feature of Voice over IP that draws attentions to the people by switching away from Public switched network  since more distance occurring calls relatively is of low cost (Thornton,2002,p.n.d) . Rather operate and monitor across the switchboard and localized commercialized telecommunication based line configuration. (Pujolle, n.d, pp.383-416).VOIP is a low cost solution as because it has capability to concise the complete traffic ( phone and data ) and make it precise to the single network .But for it there is a pre-defined staetup cost user have to pay ,but still complete saving in term of quality and effectiveness .It provide ease for managing and maintaining the network in that case we have to manage a single network rather maintain endowment telephone system in rapidly increasing digitized centered world (Kamimura,2005 ,pp.429-444).And the network administrator burden start to decline as become concise in a single network.furhermore no complex team structure and voice traffic handling capability required for the monitoring and controlling of network VOIP system is completely advanced setup, but here we shall observe, it is necessary to mention that assimilation of security issues and its architecture is very much complicated to deal.Speed And QualityTheoretically, it provides lesser bandwidth and more improve quality remarkable to its antecedent, the PSTN . The usage of high bandwidth linked with improvement in feature of digital voice, make it appropriate for the purpose of speech communication. Practically, it is more complex in nature . Making network concise on to a single network becomes the cause of bottleneck and sending of the traffic over the inte rnet become the reason of remarkable and noticeable delay in delivering of speech (Sered and Dallard ,2003,p.n.d).As well as the use of bandwidth is directly related to the codec based digitization of voice. Production of greater bandwidth savings can become the reason of lowering the rate of encoding and transmission processes particularly .But the advantage is it provides improvement in term of speed and voice quality.855980-543560Fig2: (Voice Data Processing in a VOIP system)Source: (D. Richard Kuhn, Thomas J. Walsh, Steffen Fries , 2008Voice Over Ip Security IssuesFor i...

Descent Into Madness A Book Review - 1948 Words

A Book Review Of Rolland, Mike. (1997)Descent Into Madness: An Inmate’s Experience of the New Mexico State Prison Riot. Ohio: Anderson Publishing Company. By Charise Y. Scott AJU 6620 American Corrections Processes Mississippi College Dr. Harry Porter, Professor April 8, 2016 Descent into Madness: A Book Review This book is comprised of nineteen chapters, 153 pages that are aimed at an audience of sociologists, and academicians in all areas of criminal justice administration. Its major themes are that of violence and disorganization as experienced by inmates in the 1980 New Mexico State Prison Riot and, in precise ways, it discusses the impact of such violence in the day-to-day experiences of those involved – the inmates and prison staff. This riot lasted only two days and more precisely, 36 hours, but the turmoil experienced by the inmates and prison staff during that time will last a lifetime. This book should alert prison officials of the need to run prison facilities in a humane way, but this book demonstrates almost the opposite. The author of Descent into Madness discusses how systems of criminal justice that engage in high levels of disorganization become nothing short of a breeding ground for discontentment among prison inmates. The othe r main point is that prison staff psychologically are hungry for power. This manifests in the myriad of ways that they treat the inmates in an effort to feel powerful through by retribution through theirShow MoreRelatedThe Bell Jar By Sylvia Plath1099 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage it might seem impossible for any teen or young adult to really get into the book, but it’s actually just as relatable because everyone has experienced sadness, loneliness, or apathy sometime in their life. It’s just a part of life, and human nature. The Bell Jar is a semi-autobiography by Sylvia Plath, written in the 1960s. 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Marxism-Leninism in Vietnam Essay - 684 Words

Marxism-Leninism in Vietnam In the region of Vietnam there had been many uprisings. All of these uprisings were for one reason, freedom. The Vietnamese were willing to accept Communism in return for what they had been fighting for over 2000 years: self rule. In 1950 the United States, owing a debt of gratitude towards France, sent several advisors to aid French control in Vietnam. Over the next decade and a half, the United States would send an entire Army and Navy to aid the French in maintaining control in South Vietnam, which had separated from the Communist North Vietnam by treaty in 1954. Communism is when all property and business is owned by the government and the people work for the government. In turn, the people all get†¦show more content†¦France had ruled Vietnam for more than a century and they had hoped to maintain that rule. Communism has long been heralded in capitalist countries as the root of all evil. However, as with all phobias, this intrinsic fear of communism comes from a lack of knowledge rather than sound reasoning. It is that same fear that gave the world the Cold War, McCarthys Red Scare, and the Vietnam War. Karl Marx is a widely known influence on communism. It was his belief that private property was the cause of the poverty and degradation of the proletariat. Therefore, he came to settle on the idea that no one person should have control over production of good, ownership of land, and management of funds. In that same token then, no one class should be allowed to have control over these things. He went onto comment that the exploitation of the working class must come to an end. That end could be achieved through revolution. Once this was achieved, everybody would work according to their abilities and then be paid accordingly. 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Diary entry by Nathu in Tamas Essay Example For Students

Diary entry by Nathu in Tamas Essay I once heard my mother recite the tale from Ramayana in which Goddess Sita, the consort of Lord Rama, called for mother Earth to engulf her in order to salve her from any more adversities she might have to confront in human life. I too wish that the land had parted under my feet. But I am no Sita, an emblem of truth and purity; and in the deep recess of my heart, sinner as I am, I cannot dare to harbour any hope of forgiveness and redemption.†Farewell remorse:all good to me is lost; evil be thou my good.† How happy I was till yesterday, eking my humble livelihood by skinning the hides of the dead animals, in my scrimpy shack made snug by my loving wife! But the malignant fate had something else in store for me. As Satan knew well that Eve was the best means of wreaking vengeance on God, that profligate Murad Ali knew that I was the easiest stooge available to him to forge his fiendish designs. Curst greed of gold, what crimes thy tyrant power has caused. And how degraded of me it was to sell my soul, like Faustus, to the devil for a mere sum of Rs. five! For these despicable sinews of war I forgot that I am a tanner whose job is to flay, and not kill the beasts. On retrospection, I realize that it was not the avarice for money alone that allured me to kill the pig; it was the authoritative personality of Murad Ali as well. As a destitute, I could not dare to offend an influential man like him, a man who proved my benefactor by regularly sending dead animals to me. And if I had offended him, he might have set ruffians on me. Using his influence with the municipality he could have me evicted from his tenement. Moreover I believed in the alibi that the veterinary surgeon urgently required the carcass of a pig for experiment; so there was no way I could say no to him. Thus I can condone myself for being guiltless but history of mankind will never forget that I was the man who played a very foul role in sparking the fire of religious fanaticism. This is the irony of human kind that man is forgotten but not his sins; acts of kindness may soon be forgotten, but the memory of an offense remains. A shiver runs down my spine to reminisce the fateful encounter between me and that odious pig. The wound in my shin is still green, and its memory gives me a seething pain. After killing the pig, I did not stay in the foul-smelling hut as the gore spilt all over raked my qualms. I could never anticipate that this trivial act of killing a beast will infuriate the religious fervor of people. As fate would have it, I experienced many bad omens, such as the spell cast image made of dough stuck with pricks, and a pot containing horse’s urine mingled with cow-dung, while on my peregrine spree around the town but I could never relate them to the impending disaster. At dawn, I came by the prabhat pheri team of Congress activists going round the town, and noticed an argument between them and the Muslim League supporters. But as I saw Murad Ali there, I gave a slip from the place. With my body fatigued with the arduous task of killing the pig, and my pocket filled with money, I had nothing on my mind but to eat kabab, drink wine, and buy a garland of flowers for the prostitute Motia. I was lost in gorging on material world never for a moment realizing the infernal world that I had wrought around. .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 , .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 .postImageUrl , .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 , .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677:hover , .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677:visited , .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677:active { border:0!important; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677:active , .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677 .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0d820c3bf4a28e5dd2123d013f18677:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dimmesdale In Nathaniel Hawthorne"s The Scarlet Letter EssayIt was only when I reached home that my wife told me that the presence of a dead pig on the steps of a mosque had caused great tension in the Muslim community. My blood coagulated in my guilt and the sky unfolded on me. In inkling I perceived everything, and the satanic plan of Murad Ali was flashed before my leaden eyes. Still I did not confide in my wife that I was the one who had slain that pig, thinking that she would blurt the secret out, thereby endangering his life. I wanted to go to the janitor and enquire of him as to where he had delivered the pig that morning. I also thought of confronting Murad Ali and clear things with him. But I knew that Murad Ali would get me incarcerated by throwing the entire blame on me. At length, when my conscience stung me, I confessed everything to my wife. She was flustered but much to my consternation she did not hold me responsible for the mounting tension in the frontier town, and instead implored god to persecute such devils as Murad Ali. One could never anticipate that the mere killing of a pig would be so cataclysmic. In retaliation Muslims killed a number of cows and strewed their limbs in Hindu localities. Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs forgot the meaning of humanity, and turned brutes in the wake of the communal war. More than 300 villages have been sacrificed at the altar of religious delirium. The beautiful green country was soon transformed into battleground with carnage, massacres, slaughters and conflagrations everywhere. And instead of the beautiful and radiant sunlight what is visible overhead are vultures, kites and other birds of prey. To save their honor many women, along with their children, jumped into their watery graves. Hundreds of women were raped, mutilated and murdered. Thousands of men became victims to religious hatred. In all the loss of lives and property was so indescribable that my sense faints picturing them. The Indians be they Hindus, Muslims or Sikhs could not realize that the British played drakes and ducks with their lives and fortunes. The policy of the colonizers to set the subjects at loggerheads was personified in officers like Richard who was not affected by the mass scale carnage as the victims were not his people. It was on the provocation of the British only that the Muslims under the leadership of Jinnah demanded a separate nation. I have not been able to understand as to why Murad Ali did it. Was he in league with the British or it was his personal grudge against the Hindus? Or was it his devilish inside that had roused his dormant thirst for blood? I do not know. I only know that the deep scars left by the riots will remain forever without being healed. What would have happened if instead of a pig I had killed a man? Probably a few years imprisonment-that’s all. But killing of a mere pig can bring the sky down to the earth. It can lead to the end of humanity by making man worse than animal. Man has become so dehumanized that religious bigotry has got the better of humanity. Is it the same man that god made to rule the fish and fowl? He forgets that Fanaticism obliterates the feelings of humanity, and that it is only one step away from barbarism. I do not know what is in store for us tomorrow. I may not be alive tomorrow but I hope the Indians will learn the concept of unity and fraternity lest it should be too late. I know that my posterity will curse me for my heinous role in the history of India, but I will die happily praying to god that my children and grand children may live in that India where humanity was superior to religion. May they remember,† .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d , .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d .postImageUrl , .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d , .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d:hover , .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d:visited , .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d:active { border:0!important; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d:active , .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc59f155c9e3d806363cf9bd5feeb1e3d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art Is Life EssayTheological religion is the source of all imaginable follies and disturbances; it is the parent of fanaticism and civil discord; it is the enemy of mankind!.

The Strategy of Localizing HR Practices from the Perspective of Multinational Corporation

Localization of International Human Resources Management Contemporary international human resources management strategies are focusing on how they can be able to localize human resources policies and practices for the betterment of their organizations; when localizing human resources policies, it takes the forms of international coordination, global leadership development and management, cultural intelligence, and diversity management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategy of ‘Localizing’ HR Practices from the Perspective of Multinational Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When managing a diverse global human capital, multinationals (MNCs) have the mandate of facilitating production of work of difference cultural beliefs, social settings, with diverse views, thinking styles, personalities, and emotional intellectualism. Despite the differences, they offer a rich ground for diverse vi ews and decisions that when effectively managed they can be of high benefit to the multinationals (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). In international human resources management (IHRM), there are three main approaches, they include, the MNC may send people from the country of incorporation to represent the company abroad (expatriates approach), hire host countries employees, or hire a third countries employees. With globalization and improved education across binderies, the countries are able to produce people with the knowledge and the expertise to operate and run multinationals; this has come as a blessing to the multinationals that are nowadays relying on local people to manage and run international businesses, the approach is called localization of IHRM (Maznevski and DiStefano, 2000). This paper evaluates the emerging strategy, localization; it will evaluate how the concept came into operation, how MNCs manage/adopt it as well its advantages and disadvantages. The emergence of localizat ion The idea to use local people for the management and running of multinational came from the challenges that use of experts had on MNCs; the main issue that expatriates had is the costs that are associate with their deployments. In most cases the costs of deploying expatriates is high and calls for increased operational costs to the MNs. Other than the general operational costs, in most cases, the company is responsible other human needs like housing, security and the welfare of the expatriate. Expatriates have higher remuneration than local employees who have the same post, qualification as well as responsibilities; the high remuneration does not necessarily mean that they can perform better but the notion that they are foreigners and experts creates the urge for high pays.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Warner 2003, the cost of an American expatriate in Chi na is about six times higher than that of a Chinese expatriate; with this kind of a difference, then when dealing with the expatriates, then the firm violates the noble objective of efficiency, cost management and profit improvements. Other than remuneration, there are other costs that come along with an expatriate, they include, cost of families, including relocation expenses, special allowances like education, mileage, accommodations, recruitment and training costs; it is also a challenging task to get a person who is qualified and willing to work in a foreign country (Takeuchi, Chen, and Lam, 2009) When a manager is operating in an industry, it is by default required that he understands the cultures, environment, and the general conditions that he is working under; when they are understood, then the firm will be able to make such responsive decisions. The issues of using expatriates come into play here; they are people with different backgrounds, culture and belief thus they may not be able to connect with the situation on the ground (both market and the work force they are managing). With this the MNCs is not bound to be competitive and chances of loss of business to the local venders is high. Other than the personal bias, the expatriates may not have the drive and motivation to follow the market situation as well as the day-to-day occurrences of the market. This may be aggravated more by their temporary job assignments in the foreign country. When it comes to the issue of local employees, they are able to connect to the market and have deeper analysis of the situation on the ground; this facilitates making of market effective decisions and the use of the local information and experience to make sound decisions. Cultural differences, language barriers, and perception of the locals is another issue that faces expatriates; they are people with differences with the locals and thus they need incur further costs in their efforts to seek acceptance and understan ding of the locals behavior and their character traits. In the case of a local executive, he has grown in the country and developed such special skills and culture intelligence that he can understand and make more business responsive questions to the good of the organization (Triandis, 2006). The concept of localization In simple terms localization means MNCs relying on local people for the provision of technical and otherwise jobs in their country; after an establishment, the MNC decides instead of having other people to manage and operate an international business, the choice made is local people. When using this model, the normal process of human resource that starts with planning, recruiting and selection is done to ensure that, the local person to secure the position has been vetted for experience, qualification and capability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategy of ‘Localizing’ HR Practices from the Perspective of Multinational Corp oration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After choosing the local person, sometimes there is need to orient, train, and inform the person o matters of the company that may be special to the company’s management or otherwise. This may be done through seminars, or in some cases, the employee may travel to the parent company for such training and assist in making the final plans. When the employee starts working, it will be assumed that he performs his duties with diligence and for the best interest of the employer; he will need to be appraised, motivated and appropriate measures to keep him going put in place. Recruitment and selection After knowing the country of venture as well as the human resources method to adopt, the MNC must on the ground and start the recruitment method; the method is slightly special and takes different forms where the company can hire a recruiting firm in the local country to make the recruitments. Alte rnatively, the MNC can get on the ground and undertake the task; the earlier is more preferred. The recruitment and selection of appropriate staff is the foundation of any quality-conscious firm; thus, the MNC needs to enact such appropriate measures that ensure they have recruited people of high dignity, experience and who can perform effectively (Hollinshead, 2009). In the past, professionals were recruited based on technical criteria, experience, and membership of an appropriate professional body; although these criteria are still important, technical skills are only a part of the overall service delivery, which also includes functional criteria such as marketing and business skills and the ability to foster client relationships. Different countries needs different category of people thus when called upon to recruit for particular company; there are some special traits that may have much weight in a country A than they have in country B. The customer-centered firm should take int o account all these criteria and consider recruitment as the first stage of retaining loyal, well- motivated and happy employees. Technological changes call for competent and skilled employees thus; organizations should ensure that their employees match the current technology. During the interview, the panel should ensure that they identify the strengths and weaknesses of the candidate. This will assist them in making the final decision (Trudel, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Training and development With the people deployed, the next major and very important step is t orient, train, and mentor the recruiting; every company has its own organizational culture that makes them what they are; the recruits needs to be well acquainted with the culture as he will be needed to instill such culture to the international branch. To get such mentoring and orienting, the parent company may decide to have him on board in the parent company or can use trainings, seminars and one-on-one training to orient and get the manager on board. On the other hand, when on the ground, professional employee, need to be continually trained to improve their skills, decision making, and expertise; they have limited set of skills that require continual upgrading to match the changing market demands and technology. Only by updating these skills using well-developed programs, can professional firms ensure that they equip their staff with the skills needed to respond to future business exp ectations. The management should ensure that employees are well motivated; highly motivated employees are more productive (Harzing and Van Ruysseveldt, 2004). To enable employees perform their duties effectively, continuous training system and employee’s appraisal is important. It helps management establish areas that needs improvement. Some organizations have employees training as a continuous process to ensure that employees are up-to-date with the changes in the industry. Motivational measures should be put in place to ensure that employees are loyal to the organization and they work efficiently. This ranges from attractive salaries or/and benefits, to developing a good working environment. This ensures that employees are retained as assets in the organization (Hampden–Turner and Trompenaars, 2006) Motivation, appraisal and evaluation With all policies and strategies set, the parent company management should be keep to appraise, motivate and evaluate the local emplo yees to ensure they live to the expectations of the MNC. When appraising, care needs to be taken to ensure that the situation and condition on the ground has been well understood and advice coming from the locals understood effectively. The employee must be appraised appropriately to enable the human resources department to establish the areas that need to be improved. It is through effective communication and feedback that these areas of weaknesses can be established; programs to facilitate communication should be put in place. Those who meet expectations of the management should be rewarded accordingly. With contemporary business environments, there are a number of scientific appraisal models that an employer can use, they include balanced score card appraisal model (Trudel, 2009). Retaining It is more cheap, efficient and easy to retain employees within an organization; as the employees meet the organization’s expectations, it is important for the organization to realize t hat the employees also have their targets that they want met. Many employees think of looking for another job if the current job is not satisfactory this stage. The human resources department must come up with measures that are aimed at retaining employees. One of the ways is to make the working environment as comfortable as possible. Remuneration and rewards of employees are other ways that can be used. Rewards mean that the efforts of the employee are recognized (Fernandez-Alles and Ramos-Rodrà ­guez, 2009) Advantages of localization Numerous advantage have come with the new MNCs human resources management style.  From a wider angle, when a company employ’s locals, they eliminate the risks and business challenges associated with deployment of expatriates. When an MNC employs the local people, they are developing opportunity benefits of developing local managerial skills that promote talents and develop talents to the local people; when this happens, the locals feel they are working with a company of their own that they can depend on and respect as their own. With such moves, an improved business-customer relationship can lead to customer loyalty and growth in business. People are more willing to trade with local companies that seem to be promoting their own culture, and wellbeing’s; they will be able to develop good business relations with the customer, suppliers and other stakeholders like the government and shareholders if any. The costs of personal culture contexts/tensions and cross-culture misunderstandings will be saved as the locals understand what the nation or the country they are operating in wants.  One of the most important attribute of a well-managed company is the motivation of its local staffs; when an MNC is, manage by a foreigner, the local workforce feels less motivated than when a local person is the business leader. When accompany has high employees motivation, then it is bound to perform better than when the motivation is minimal and wanting (DiStefano and Maznevski, 2000).  When locals are given the task of managing MNCs, other than using their experience and qualification, they use the general understanding and learnt social aspects about the country to make such decisions that are responsive to the needs of the country of operation. For example, they may be able to know the cultures or tribes they should deploy in certain areas, as they have been known to have some special attributes that can favor the MNC. The net effect is an improved business. Through inpatriation, local managers are able to combine any international experience with the local experience for the good of the company; when they successful do this, then the company stands to benefit. For example, they may combine root-marketing methods to international marketing approaches and come-up with a strategy that fits the county of operation.  Despite the above advantages, a number of challenges MNCs face when they take the option of using local people. Disadvantages of localization When the MNC rely on localization method of recruitment, then the control and the influence that the parent management has will be diluted and the locals may highjack the management. When this happens the running of the organization as a single unit moving to single noble destination is lost. In the case that the concept has been adopted by all MNCs they risk the career development of international managers and expatriates; in some companies, the method of expatriates had been used for rewarding and motivating employees in the organization; when the chances has been lost, then the MNC is likely to suffer demonization. When deploying the local people, there is needed to have training, mentoring, and coaching of the local people to align them with the needs of the organization; this task may become expensive and challenging task to the organization. Sometimes, the trainings may be done but the expected outcome fails to come outs lea ding to cost losses. It is also very challenging to get a person who can be molded to the needs of an MNC since there is much influence from experiences and exposure. Another challenge that comes with employing local people is lack of new ideas, creativity and sometimes innovativeness in a foreign company; this is caused by the similar ideas and decisions or way of thinking as may be expected from the local employee. The lack of exposure can lead to decisions that do not favor the business (Bullen and Eyler, 2010) Conclusion MNCs need to have an effective and efficient human resources team; there are three main options available to the company they are deploying expatriates, deploying local people or using people from a third country. When using the localization method, using country is of operation employees, the MNC stands to benefit reduced human resources costs, cultural intelligence, and builds customer confidence. The main challenge with localization is loss of parent’s company management controlling power as well as scarcity of creativity in the companies as the local people experience is confined in their country. International human resources management team has the role of ensuring the MNC’s human capital is highly motivated for favorable working environment. References Bullen, M. L. and Eyler, K. ,2010. Human resource accounting and international developments: implications for measurement of human capital. Journal of International Business Cultural Studies, 1(1), pp. 31-16. DiStefano, J. J. and Maznevski, M. L., 2000. Creating Value with Diverse Teams in Global Management. Organizational Dynamics, 29(1), pp. 45-63. Fernandez-Alles, M. and Ramos-Rodrà ­guez, A. ,2009. Intellectual structure of human resources management research: A bibliometric analysis of the journal Human Resource Management, 1985–2005. Journal of the American Society for Information Science Technology, 60(1), pp. 161-175. Hampden–Turner, C. and Tromp enaars, F.,2006.Cultural Intelligence: Is Such a Capacity Credible? Group Organization Management, 31(1), pp.56-63. Harzing, A.W. and Van Ruysseveldt, J. ,2004. International Human Resource Management. London: Sage. Hollinshead, G. ,2009. International and Comparative Human Resource Management. Basingstoke: McGraw-Hill Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D. P.,2001. Transforming the Balanced Scorecard from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management: Part I. Accounting Horizons, 15(1), pp. 87-104. Maznevski, M. L. and DiStefano, J. J.,2000.  Global Leaders Are Team Players: Developing Global Leaders Through Membership On Global Teams  . Human Resource Management, 39(2/3), p.185. Takeuchi, N., Chen, Z. and Lam, W. ,2009. Coping with an emerging market competition through strategy-human resource alignment: case study evidence from five leading Japanese manufacturers in the People’s Republic of China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(12), pp. 2454-2470. Tria ndis, H.C.,2006. Cultural Intelligence in Organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31(1),pp. 20-26. Trudel, J. M. ,2009.  International human resources management: a new challenge.   Portuguese Journal of Management Studies, 14(2), pp.149-161. This essay on The Strategy of ‘Localizing’ HR Practices from the Perspective of Multinational Corporation was written and submitted by user Gabriella Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sex and the city. Media Analysis

Sex and the city. Media Analysis Sex and the city is one of the most popular cable television and film series in America. The main characters in the show are four independent women on a self exploration mission. Three of these women are in their thirties and one in her mid- forties. These four White American women are the main focus of the show.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sex and the city. Media Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The series has multiple story lines running concurrently and it tackles socially relevant themes like feminism, promiscuity, divorce and sexually transmitted infections (Sohn 32). The show highlights how the lives of professional city women are affected by the increasingly changing society. All the episodes in the show are narrated by Sarah Jessica Parker. Sarah is a stylish party girl popularly known for having a unique sense of fashion and is referred to as Carrie Bradshaw in the show. She is an outgoing girl who likes having fun and anticipating love in the process. Carrie is an independent woman in her mid-thirties and sees marriage as an obstacle to her self exploration mission (Sohn 15). The other character is Kim Cantrall starring as Samantha Jones. She is the oldest among the four and is portrayed as the most confident about her sexual life. She is very loyal to her friends and seems strong and outspoken. Kristin Davis starring as Charlotte Yorke is the most optimistic member of the group who advocates for emotional love rather than lust (Jermyn 48). She is an extremely successful woman despite her traditional outlook which at times surprises her friends. She represents the traditional attitude about relationships and love. Despite having a series of relationship, her actions are somehow controlled compared to the other three. The fourth character is Cynthia Nixon starring as Miranda Hobbes. She is a professional attorney who is always negative about love and relationships. There a re quite a number of family –based themes highlighted in the sex and the city show. The theme of sexual immorality commonly referred to as promiscuity is prevalent in the show. This is mostly revealed through Samantha. She has numerous sexual flings in the show. She has an open sexual lifestyle to an extent where she doesn’t mind having sexual relationship with younger men (Jermyn 28). Carrie has a string of boyfriends and she is also unable to settle in any marriage. The show depicts the theme of feminism where the four women represent a modern independent woman who is not ready to be enslaved by any man.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Infidelity is the order of the day in the show. Having multiple sexual partners is portrayed as normal and fun by these four women. This is exactly the picture in modern relationships. The four women portray marriage as a failed affair except Charlotte who believes that a marriage can actually work. Miranda divorces her husband Steve after he admits having cheated on her (Jermyn 87). The chances of divorce are also high in the other marriages and the main cause being infidelity. Economic empowerment on the side of women is highly emphasized in this show. All the four women are professionals who are economically empowered and do not rely on men to support them. Carrie is an established writer and columnist, Samantha a successful business woman, Charlotte a history and finance graduate and finally Miranda who is a professional lawyer. They actually represent a modern day woman on the first driving lane to success (Sohn 13). Apart from being popular, the show has also faced its fare share of criticism. The characters in the show use the tag of feminism to push for their immoral interests. The show promotes sexual immorality in the way sex is advertised by the characters. The show portrays marriage as a failed thing with divorce being depicted as the only way to end marital problems and strain (Jermyn 92). The show glamorizes sex and does not put into consideration its negative effects like unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. The show portrays infidelity as a normal and fun thing which is not acceptable in the society. The mode of dressing of these characters is questionable with characters like Carrie going to the extreme end. Their mode of dressing portrays women as potential sex objects for men. In conclusion, sex and the city has continued to have a negative influence to the society and increased viewership of the show will continue to erode our good societal morals. The show has influenced teenagers in a very negative way. A recent survey revealed how the show has encouraged sex amongst teenagers leading to early and unplanned pregnancies for girls who watch the show. On the other side, their male counterparts are more likely to engage in teenage sex th an those who are not viewers of the show (Sohn 88). It is believed that some scenes in the show make the viewers to be sexually charged by arousing their sexual emotions (Jermyn 109).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sex and the city. Media Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jermyn, Deborah. Sex and the City. New York: Wayne State University Press, 2009. Print. Sohn, Amy et al. Sex and the City. New York: HarperCollins, 2008. Print.

Food Insecurity. Definition, Reasons, Causes and Status Essay

Food Insecurity. Definition, Reasons, Causes and Status - Essay Example In the discussion, the focus will remain on reviewing what food insecurity denotes, what causes it and the consequences that accrue thereof. The discussion is based on a critical evaluation of peer-reviewed literature beginning with the definition and then discussing what causes it, and how it emerges in the developing world. Defining and Contextualizing Food Insecurity The Context of Food Security Since the 1970s, the term food insecurity has been differently used to refer to numerous related but often diverse concepts. Yu, You, and Fan (2010) argue, â€Å"there are various descriptions of food security plus the concepts of food security that have evolved, in the previous 30 years, to reflect the transformation in official policy thinking† (p. 30). This variant understanding of food security and insecurity has been explored by Clay (2002) since the World Food Conference initiated a discussion of food security in the early 1970s, both at the national and international level. A s shall emerge hereunder, food security encompasses questions of food supply, food availability, food price stability, geographical locations and typology of available food (Bernstein, Crow and Johnson, 1992, pp. 34 - 71). However, to understand the term food insecurity, it is essential to first contextualize the term food security. According to the United Nations, food security should be defined as â€Å"all people at all times having both physical and economic access to the basic food they need† (Clay, 2002, p. 4). According to UN figures, nearly 1 billion people in the world today are not guaranteed that they can access, afford and always find adequate food. For these 2 billion people, they may not be hungry and in critical need of food, but they cannot guarantee that they will have anything to eat tomorrow to sufficiently sustain their health. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (2013), â€Å"a total of 842 million people in 2011–2013, or about one in eight individuals globally, were anticipated to be suffering from chronic hunger, regularly not getting enough food to conduct an active life† ( ¶7). While this figure is relatively lower when compared to the 868 million people reported between 2010 and 2012, and while the number of undernourished people has reduced with 17% from what was recorded between 1990 and 1992, food insecurity is still a major global problem. As such, they are insecure about the source of their requisite diets, where to find food, when and whether such food would be affordable when accessed (Curtis, Hubbard and Shepherd, 1988, 37). This context thus introduces the dynamics of food security, a complicated process determined by numerous factors from poverty levels to climatic conditions, from geography to governance, from education and awareness to culture (Grigg, 1993, p. 21; Curtis, Hubbard and Shepherd, 1988, p. 61; Bernstein, Crow and Johnson, 1992, p. 69; Kent, 1984, p. 23). The key question, therefore, is about guarantee that food will be available when needed, as well as which type of food will be avai

Break Down of Marriage Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Break Down of Marriage - Article Example Shukumar finally recognizes that their marriage is beyond salvation and he retaliates by revealing the secret of the gender of their miscarried child, to hurt Shoba. This story is about a couple, Shoba and Shukumar, who are wife and husband. Shoba is a proofreader and Shukumar is a teacher and undergraduate. The story starts with their present rift in their marriage. The narrative has flashbacks to explain the circumstances leading to their current situation. Shoba feels alienated, suffers from post-natal blues and other troubles after her miscarriage and late caesarian delivery. Shukumar has mistakenly assumed that she would recover from this experience but their lack of communication has created an abyss. Shukumar is motivated by his love for Shoba. He loves her and hopes that she would convalesce and that everything would return to normalcy. Shukumar loves Shoba even as she distances herself to him. He waits at home for her even when she tries to stay away from the house by getting more work outside. (Lahiri 2). While not working, he stays home to write his dissertation. Shoba leaves for work early in the morning before Shukumar wakes up. As a consequence, Shukumar does not feel motivated to arise from his bed before noon. The narrative says; 'But nothing was pushing Shukumar.' (Lahiri 4). He is motivated by his love for Shoba to cook as he cannot bear to see Shoba eating cereal for dinner because she does not cook anymore. (Lahiri 8). There is an apparent reversal of traditional roles as Shukumar becomes the house husband while Shoba 'treated the house as if it were a hotel'. (Lahiri 6). This is evidence to show that Shukumar's motivation is love and he still desires to stay in his marriage. Shukumar's obstacle is that he is ignorant of Shoba's source of unhappiness and this has caused a rift in their relationship. He is oblivious of the extent of Shoba's discontent with him. The narrative says; 'In the beginning, he had believed that it would pass, that he and Shoba would get through it all somehow. She was only thirty-three. She was strong, on her feet again.' (Lahiri 5). Shoba expresses her indifference to Shukumar when she does not bother to look beautiful for him but she does not reveal her source of discontent nor does she directly voice her dissatisfaction. (Lahiri 1-2). Shukumar is ignorant of Shoba's distancing herself from him when he wrongly assumes that Shoba is too busily preoccupied with her work to make efforts to look good for him. Shukumar's obstacle is his misconception that Shoba needs him. He deceives himself when he voices his confident opinion that she desires him to be around the house when the electricity is cut off. Shoba ignores his statement and Shukumar's obstacle causes him to overlook the signs of Shoba's cold attitude towards him. Another sign of their disunity and aloof attitudes lies in the fact that they did not celebrate Christmas that year. Shukumar's mistake was in the misconception that Shoba and himself would heal over the tragedy of losing their firstborn. Shoba's attitude shows that she was hiding her bereavement in her work and distant attitude towards Shukumar. Shukumar's deep bereavement fro his firstborn is an obstacle because

Novel using Frankenstein as an Example Essay Example for Free

Novel using Frankenstein as an Example Essay However the horror itself needs to be complimented with one of the most important part your gothic novel, this being some form of a supernatural event or otherwise inexplicable event. This could include ghosts or giants walking, or inanimate objects such as a suit of armour or painting as recognised in Castle of Otranto it fell crushing his limbs. In the case of Frankenstein it can be explained but it still a supernatural event. I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. , Shelley not only uses this as a main plot point to drive much of the issuing events, with in this case speaking in a sterile scientific manor, but also to shine light on some of the ethical issues of her time, mainly advancements in science and issues such as bring life back to inanimate tissues. It symbolises for her the fact that science could be taken to extremes, and the events after indicate this. These events are often preceded by a vision. You may want to use this before some form of death. In chapter 5 there are no real disturbing dream visions, a better example can be seen in other gothic novels, and I will used The Castle of Otranto, this includes the omen that That the castle and lordship of Otranto should pass from the present family, whenever the real owner should be grown too large to inhabit it. or any phenomenon that may be seen as a portent of coming events other than in some way or Victors dream of Elizabeth death. , an omen that it is soon to be his time to die while at every turn the women are put into distress and a epitomising the feel that all will happen in an almost omnipotent fashion will come to its end. This should be included into your novel in some shape or form to give it a more gothic feel overall and in many cases it relates to the supernatural events to come. Women should partake in two main forms to extenuate the gothic; firstly they should at some point during your novel be in some form of distress. It should contain an appeal to the pathos and sympathy of the reader, the female characters should face events that leave them fainting, terrified, screaming, or sobbing. A lonely, pensive, and oppressed heroine is often the central figure of a gothic novel, so her sufferings are even more pronounced and the focus of attention. This can be seen by the threat made to Elizabeths life through the dream in chapter 5. You could increase this more because the women are often abandoned, left alone (either on purpose or by accident), and have no protector at times. Elizabeth is left in Geneva alone with the monster (even if only in victors mind) wanting to hunt her down and kill her. You could use this to great effect and continue it to a degree that that the women should be threatened by or with the presence of a tyrannical male, this could range in your novel from a king, lord of the manor, father, or guardian, to demand that one or more of the female characters do something intolerable. The Monster howls in rage and utters the ominous words: I shall be with you on your wedding night. All the while it s rain outside with another choice to creating horror and suspense with metonym in the case referring to the darkness of the situation. Using threading tones and the fact that he shall implying that the wedding day will be in no way pleasant. The woman may be commanded to marry someone she does not love (it may even be the powerful male himself), or commit a crime. This bring about examples of the next gothic case in point with most of the book contain much overwrought and tense emotions which often are highly sentimental. This tool should be used to create various emotion ties with your protagonist and the reader, often in the case of gothic novels the sensation of impending doom and gloom, however it can also be used for exultant situations as well, as in Frankenstein chapter 5 with I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. , Shelley uses specific language such as breathless horror to symbolise the overwrought sense of disgust he felt, filling his heart suggesting that it not only hurt his senses but was a major blow to his spirit. However all of this means very little if you fail to adhere to one element that must be true if you aim is to create a truly gothic novel and the is vocabulary and syntax of the gothic writing; this is of the utmost importance The constant use of the appropriate vocabulary to set creates the atmosphere of the gothic. This includes I took refuge in the courtyard belonging to the house which I inhabited; where I remained during the rest of the night, walking up and down in the greatest agitation, listening attentively, catching and fearing each sound as if it were to announce the approach of the demoniacal corpse to which I had so miserably given life. With settings and places more suited to the time such as a courtyard, however using less common words such as greatest agitation to denote more of a tone of authenticity and demonical corpse (never referring the victors creation as a human or even some form of humanoid) standing for deeper emotions than just a monster. However that is not all that it requires for gothic writing, include the way that questions are presented with infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form? which could be translated as I had work hard to form. I recommend therefore that you must really acquaint yourself with the general genre if you have not already and I recommend both Frankenstein and The Castle of Otranto which both brilliant representations of not only language but the points that I have already mentioned. Finally I would sat that in order for you book to match that of Shelleys you may want to include some issues surrounding ethical issues at the time, and as an example think of the issues surrounding the other title of Shelleys novel being The Modern Prometheus this in the case of Frankenstein is the issues surrounding playing god. This brought about by greater scientific and medical advances in her time. You may use this to make your story to bring about a deeper meaning than that just of a ghost story. To conclude, I hope that the guidelines that I have provided will help you succeed in you overall goal of creating a true gothic novel. This can be easily achieved by following the simple process of metonymy of gloom, tragic females, tyrannical males, supernatural events, overwrought emotion and an ominous dream. It may seem like a daunting task however I will always offer more support and advice if you feel that you need it and I hope to read your novel and give my opinion on it, which I am sure will be great. Yours Sincerely Dr M. Yellehs   Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Cell Division & Cell Cycle Study Guide :: essays research papers

CELL DIVISION Cell division involves 2 phases: 1- MITOSIS The process by which nuclear material is divided 2 identical daughter cells result 2- CYTOKINESIS the process by which the cytoplasm and its contents (organelles) separate into equal parts. cytokinesis begins before mitosis is complete cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells ANIMAL CELLS the cell membrane pinches near the middle of the cell, dividing the cytoplasm into equal parts(2 new cells) PLANT CELLS a cell plate develops across the centre of the cell, creating a new cell wall between the 2 new cells Cells alternate between stages (phases) of dividing and not dividing. This sequence is called the cell cycle. The 2 major phases of the CELL CYCLE are: 1- DIVISION PHASE During this phase the cell undergoes mitosis (nuclear division) There are 4 phases of mitosis: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 2- INTERPHASE During this phase, the cell takes in nutrients and builds proteins that are used by the cell for energy Chromosomes duplicate (DNA replication) This is the period of growth and repair for the cell (in preparation for the division phase) THE CELL CYCLE CELL CYCLE: the continuous process of mitosis, cell division, and interphase. HOW CELL GETS READY FOR MITOSIS Nucleus makes a copy of its chromatin(replication) Chromatin coils into double stranded chromosomes joined in the middle by a centromere 2 sets of DNA are bundled together nucleus is ready for mitosis to begin. Animal cell division: cell membrane pinches near the middle of the cell, dividing the cytoplasm into 2 new cells Plant cell division: a cell plate develops across the centre of the cell, forming a new cell wall between the 2 cells Original cellïÆ'  , parent cell New cellsïÆ'  , daughter cells # of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell is identical to eachother and to the number in the original cell Why must nuclear membrane break down in mitosis? So that the contents of the cell can divide. The NUCLEUS controls the process of mitosis. REGENERATION: repair of injured cells or the making of lost body parts Normal Cell Replacement: cells die when they receive instruction to do so when they are no longer needed

Police Authority and Accountability in Australia

INTRODUCTION Police officers in Australia, as well as worldwide, have been consistently accused of abusing their authority over the years. Police officers are known to protect and serve and to be the law enforcers of the land, but due to the reality that some human beings are concerned about self-satisfaction and lawlessness, police authority can often times be misconceived as abusive and aggressive.The powers of the police are consistently being scrutinized by the media, the community and even politicians, not to mention that police are, and not just in Australia but worldwide, held as one of the most accountable in society (Robertson, 1998). In order to essentially resolve these issues, the focus of the research should be related to police officers and specific issues such as use of force, police discretion, delegation of authority and the attempts that were made to control officers behaviours’ in Australia.WHAT IS POLICE AUTHORITY? Firstly, authority can be defined as gener ally and basically, Persons having power or powers that other people will not naturally be allowed to have. Bringing this definition toward linking it to police authority, this is where the police officer has legal power of enforcing laws, and at all times should be given the respect, because they are the gate keepers of society, our â€Å"guardian angels† who will be watching over us twenty four seven.For example, we are to respect our parents; they care for us and provide for us our basic needs, I believe that police officers are somewhat the same because they provide us the citizens with safety and when there is a problem we can run to them at many times. Although police authority maybe a good thing, there are also the pit falls with it, in that, there is the abuse of police authority.Some officers due to â€Å"bad apples† meaning some officers are dirty cops, because of greed and selfishness, also some officers believe that they are above the law, because they enfo rce the law, but I believe in the â€Å"eye for an eye† theory: if you do the crime, you should do the time; no one is above the law. WHAT IS POLICE ACCOUNTABLILITY? Firstly accountability is It is a fundamental principle of a democratic society that the police should be held to account for their actions. Accountability includes both what the police do and how they perform.What an officer does or how they do what they do is extremely critical in the world of policing. The entire concept of police accountability revolves around these two criteria, which according to how efficient they are executed, may make or break an officer’s policing career. Agency-level accountability involves the performance of law enforcement agencies with respect to controlling crime and disorder and providing services to the public (National Institute of Justice, 1999). Individual-level accountability involves the conduct of police officers with respect to lawful, respectful, and equal treatmen t of citizens. walker, 2007). I honestly believes that police accountability should be very vital within policing. Officers should be held accountable for their actions like any other individual. POLICE AUTHORITY IN AUSTRALIA In Australia the authority and powers of the police services are clearly defined and understood by officers, these powers are being tested by the courts and even the police themselves, the police know the limit of their authority and powers, but at sometimes politicians, legal professions and even the community are reluctant to greatly alter those powers.Hence the reason why officers may have to use force, law enforcement officers are authorized to use force in specific circumstances, officers in Australia are trained as any other police officer worldwide, but the matter of the issue is how much force to use, this is referred to as police discretion. Authority and abuse needs to be differentiated, because they are not at all supposed to be equal to the same thi ng. Generally, the way in which the police may maintain social order successfully is mainly in alignment with the use of force exercised by the police officers.Many people, citizens of Australia and even the world, here the term use of force being used consistently, whether it may be via the media or directly from a police officer, but what does the term really mean? Use of force is simply and basically the amount of force that is required of a police officer to ensure that an unwilling offender complies with the law enforcer (National Institue of Justice, 2012). Where it is unnecessary to use brute force, a police officer ought to refrain from so doing. An officer can use force in ifferent ways, either verbally or physically; also it may be less lethal or lethal (National Institue of Justice, 2012). Even as it remains that the police officer in Australia has the right to use force where necessary, how then do we determine when he should use which method of force, and how to deal wi th an offender on the whole? Police discretion is used often times when it comes to more of the minor offences, such as alcohol use and urination, but one major encounter in Australia in which police discretion ought to be used is in relation to people suffering from mental illness.Police discretion though, can be influenced by either personal relationships, or race or status, which ought not to be so, but realistically is it. There was one scenario in which a police officer encountered a cafe proprietor who had a traffic violation. The officer in this scenario, decided not to give the driver a traffic offence notice due to the relationship that had developed from before.Although many other officers agreed with the officer’s decision to exercise gratitude toward the violator, this is not a welcoming and promising prospect for the future of law enforcement on the whole. Police discretion can be altered and affected by many other factors surrounding an offender in society. An u nwilling and unruly suspect has a higher risk of being arrested than one who cooperates with the officer. Also, the police records of an offender may also influence the decision of the police.Even with relation to juvenile, police discretion can be altered but not by the juvenile themselves. The parents or Guardians of the juvenile may weigh in heavily on the decision and discretion of the police officer. In the case where the parent or guardian may be uninvolved or uncooperative, the officers may be led to take a different approach to the handling of this situation (Holmgren, 2012). POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY IN AUSTRALIA The face of the matter remains, and one which makes complete logical sense, is that whatever a police officer does, he/she need to account for it.Police in Australia, however, have been given a sense of discretion and freedom to fulfil their roles in society without too much interventions of any judicial or supreme official (Lewis, 2012). Police are not to be seen as i ndependent and totally able to do as they will by members of society, which is not at all the case. Police usually have to consult the judiciaries in the commission of enquiry pertaining to accountability for their actions or allegations, but what prompted this move by the Government?Police in Australia in the past; have been accused for many different things, such as police corruption, inefficiency and brutality. These falls of the police officers are not overlooked by the judiciary, and even though police are the protectors of society, they are very liable to punishment and sanctions for their wrong if it is not properly accounted for (Lewis, 2012). Police accountability has over years become viewed as more of a problematic issue than that of an encouraging one.One of the major ongoing disturbances in Australia’s society is the case where civil litigation is constantly overlooked as a form as accountability (Ransley, 2007)what exactly is civil litigation? Well, civil litiga tion is where someone is accused of doing wrong, but not necessarily a crime, and it is formally submitted to a court (Honeyman, 1999-2010) In fact and very evident to the world today, there have been many cases in Australia, in which persons have been involved in disputes with police officers for doing wrong yes, but not crimes.The reality that the purpose of civil litigation is to settle and attain some form of compensation for being wrongfully accused or dealt with, makes civil litigation a very critical aspect that should more than likely be incorporated in the field of Police accountability mainly because it is a form of correction, just that it is from the civilian stand-point (Ransley, 2007).If in fact, the intent of the more recent police reform is directed toward the strengthening and to some extent upgrading of the individual and organisational accountability, then that makes civil litigation a very fundamental, effective and also it should be, a mandatory component in the effective completion of this goal. Attempts to control the behaviour of police officers are not only affected by civil litigation, but also by the measures in which police officers are dealt with for misconduct.Without the emphasis on the errors of police officers, the police force may adapt to the conditions which could lead to the abuse of their powers and authority. The lack of consistent correction of officers often times may lead to the diminishing of confidence in the community in the police service (Perez, 2008). Internationally, this have become the evident scenario in the present society, as the trust and corporation between Police officers and communities is rapidly becoming a thing of the past, and this have been ighly influenced by the lack of legitimate duty and procedures by police officials. Officers have confrontations of a sort among their own organisations because of the corrections that they may face having the issue to argue that to balance the leniency of misco nduct and the harshness of crimes is difficult to manage (Perez, 2008). A common observation presently is that since authority is delegated rather than chosen gives police officials the opportunity to select the appropriate officers to do the reputation and compatibility with the relative scenarios at hand.CONCLUSION Whether it may be the favourable opinion to some, or the contradicting bias to others, Policing authority and accountability is one of the fundamental aspects of efficient law enforcement. In the case where any of the two may fail or fall short in any aspect, there will always be a conflict in the relationship between Law enforcement and community, and also it may serve as the catalyst for the diminishing status of the police force.From the use of force, to the correction of police officers by their own organisations, the main concept is to ensure that the standard and reputation of the Australian law enforcement department. There have been a lot of complaints geared to wards or targeted at the police officers, but in fact as much as the reality is that they do make some really uncharacteristic errors, they do uphold the law relatively efficiently.This is just another reinforcing point that the society at large tends to make judgements, especially toward individuals and systems within the law enforcement sector based on their benefit and fair treatment. Whether or not the case would have been that police officers in Australia abuse their powers or not, the comparison of the rate in which civil litigation is turned away and how vast the difference is between the corrections that the police officers correct citizens to how intense and consistent the punishment and corrections of officers themselves are, would have still caused some sort of rift within the system.Nothing, it seems can truly be completely satisfying and totally effective, and especially in a world where crime and deviance, because of the continuous introduction of laws and stereotypes via media interventions and other sources, the balance between being lenient and modest in terms of acts of misconduct, and being harsh and enforcing in situations that are more serious, or crimes, is very difficult to assess. The fact remains that o matter where the police system is today, in Australia, and even worldwide, the law enforcement sector cannot afford to cease from continuously modifying and developing their efforts and adaptations to the criminal advancements in society. REFERENCES Holmgren, L. (2012, April 12). Factors that affect Police officers' discretion. Retrieved April 5, 2012, from ehow: http://www. ehow. com/list_5960237_factors-affect-police-officers_-discretion. tml Honeyman, C. (1999-2010). Civil litigation. Colorado, united States of America. Lewis, C. (2012, may 5). Police, civilian and democratic accountability. Monash, Australia. National Institue of Justice. (2012, January 20). police use of force. D. C. , Washington, United States of America. Perez, M . R. (2008, august). Police discipline and community policing: New models. Los angeles, USA. Ransley, J. A. (2007).Civil Litigation against Police in Australia:Exploring its extent, Nature and implications for accountability. 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